WHISH YOU HAPPY NEW YEAR 2010

Nobel Prize Winners

Nobel Prize Winners in Physics
Nobel prize for Physics in 2008 - Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa
Nobel prize for Physics in 2007 - Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
Nobel prize for Physics in 2006 - John C. Mather, George F. Smoot
Nobel prize for Physics in 2005 - Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch
Nobel prize for Physics in 2004 - David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek
Nobel prize for Physics in 2003 - Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett
Nobel prize for Physics in 2002 - Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi
Nobel prize for Physics in 2001 - Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman
Nobel prize for Physics in 2000 - Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby
Nobel prize for Physics in 1999 - Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman
Nobel prize for Physics in 1998 - Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui
Nobel prize for Physics in 1997 - Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips
Nobel prize for Physics in 1996 - David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1995 - Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines
Nobel prize for Physics in 1994 - Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull
Nobel prize for Physics in 1993 - Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
Nobel prize for Physics in 1992 - Georges Charpak
Nobel prize for Physics in 1991 - Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
Nobel prize for Physics in 1990 - Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor
Nobel prize for Physics in 1989 - Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul
Nobel prize for Physics in 1988 - Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger
Nobel prize for Physics in 1987 - J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Müller
Nobel prize for Physics in 1986 - Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
Nobel prize for Physics in 1985 - Klaus von Klitzing
Nobel prize for Physics in 1984 - Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
Nobel prize for Physics in 1983 - Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler
Nobel prize for Physics in 1982 - Kenneth G. Wilson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1981 - Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L. Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
Nobel prize for Physics in 1980 - James Cronin, Val Fitch
Nobel prize for Physics in 1979 - Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg
Nobel prize for Physics in 1978 - Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1977 - Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott, John H. van Vleck
Nobel prize for Physics in 1976 - Burton Richter, Samuel C.C. Ting
Nobel prize for Physics in 1975 - Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson, James Rainwater
Nobel prize for Physics in 1974 - Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
Nobel prize for Physics in 1973 - Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian D. Josephson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1972 - John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, Robert Schrieffer
Nobel prize for Physics in 1971 - Dennis Gabor
Nobel prize for Physics in 1970 - Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel
Nobel prize for Physics in 1969 - Murray Gell-Mann
Nobel prize for Physics in 1968 - Luis Alvarez
Nobel prize for Physics in 1967 - Hans Bethe
Nobel prize for Physics in 1966 - Alfred Kastler
Nobel prize for Physics in 1965 - Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman
Nobel prize for Physics in 1964 - Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
Nobel prize for Physics in 1963 - Eugene Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
Nobel prize for Physics in 1962 - Lev Landau
Nobel prize for Physics in 1961 - Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer
Nobel prize for Physics in 1960 - Donald A. Glaser
Nobel prize for Physics in 1959 - Emilio Segrè, Owen Chamberlain
Nobel prize for Physics in 1958 - Pavel A. Cherenkov, Il´ja M. Frank, Igor Y. Tamm
Nobel prize for Physics in 1957 - Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee
Nobel prize for Physics in 1956 - William B. Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain
Nobel prize for Physics in 1955 - Willis E. Lamb, Polykarp Kusch
Nobel prize for Physics in 1954 - Max Born, Walther Bothe
Nobel prize for Physics in 1953 - Frits Zernike
Nobel prize for Physics in 1952 - Felix Bloch, E. M. Purcell
Nobel prize for Physics in 1951 - John Cockcroft, Ernest T.S. Walton
Nobel prize for Physics in 1950 - Cecil Powell
Nobel prize for Physics in 1949 - Hideki Yukawa
Nobel prize for Physics in 1948 - Patrick M.S. Blackett
Nobel prize for Physics in 1947 - Edward V. Appleton
Nobel prize for Physics in 1946 - Percy W. Bridgman
Nobel prize for Physics in 1945 - Wolfgang Pauli
Nobel prize for Physics in 1944 - Isidor Isaac Rabi
Nobel prize for Physics in 1943 - Otto Stern
Nobel prize for Physics in 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Physics in 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Physics in 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Physics in 1939 - Ernest Lawrence
Nobel prize for Physics in 1938 - Enrico Fermi
Nobel prize for Physics in 1937 - Clinton Davisson, George Paget Thomson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1936 - Victor F. Hess, Carl D. Anderson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1935 - James Chadwick
Nobel prize for Physics in 1934 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Physics in 1933 - Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A.M. Dirac
Nobel prize for Physics in 1932 - Werner Heisenberg
Nobel prize for Physics in 1931 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Physics in 1930 - Sir Venkata Raman
Nobel prize for Physics in 1929 - Louis de Broglie
Nobel prize for Physics in 1928 - Owen Willans Richardson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1927 - Arthur H. Compton, C.T.R. Wilson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1926 - Jean Baptiste Perrin
Nobel prize for Physics in 1925 - James Franck, Gustav Hertz
Nobel prize for Physics in 1924 - Manne Siegbahn
Nobel prize for Physics in 1923 - Robert A. Millikan
Nobel prize for Physics in 1922 - Niels Bohr
Nobel prize for Physics in 1921 - Albert Einstein
Nobel prize for Physics in 1920 - Charles Edouard Guillaume
Nobel prize for Physics in 1919 - Johannes Stark
Nobel prize for Physics in 1918 - Max Planck
Nobel prize for Physics in 1917 - Charles Glover Barkla
Nobel prize for Physics in 1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Physics in 1915 - William Bragg, Lawrence Bragg
Nobel prize for Physics in 1914 - Max von Laue
Nobel prize for Physics in 1913 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
Nobel prize for Physics in 1912 - Gustaf Dalén
Nobel prize for Physics in 1911 - Wilhelm Wien
Nobel prize for Physics in 1910 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Nobel prize for Physics in 1909 - Guglielmo Marconi, Ferdinand Braun
Nobel prize for Physics in 1908 - Gabriel Lippmann
Nobel prize for Physics in 1907 - Albert A. Michelson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1906 - J.J. Thomson
Nobel prize for Physics in 1905 - Philipp Lenard
Nobel prize for Physics in 1904 - Lord Rayleigh
Nobel prize for Physics in 1903 - Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie
Nobel prize for Physics in 1902 - Hendrik A. Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman
Nobel prize for Physics in 1901 - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen


Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry, All Nobel Prize Laureates in Chemistry

Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2008 Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2007 - Gerhard Ertl
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2006 - Roger D. Kornberg
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2005 - Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2004 - Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2003 - Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2002 - John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2001 - William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless
Nobel prize for Chemistry 2000 - Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1999 - Ahmed Zewail
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1998 - Walter Kohn, John Pople
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1997 - Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1996 - Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold Kroto, Richard E. Smalley
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1995 - Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1994 - George A. Olah
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1993 - Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1992 - Rudolph A. Marcus
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1991 - Richard R. Ernst
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1990 - Elias James Corey
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1989 - Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1988 - Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1987 - Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1985 - Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1984 - Bruce Merrifield
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1983 - Henry Taube
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1982 - Aaron Klug
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1981 - Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1980 - Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1979 - Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1978 - Peter Mitchell
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1977 - Ilya Prigogine
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1976 - William Lipscomb
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1975 - John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1974 - Paul J. Flory
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1973 - Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1972 - Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1971 - Gerhard Herzberg
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1970 - Luis Leloir
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1969 - Derek Barton, Odd Hassel
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1968 - Lars Onsager
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1967 - Manfred Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish, George Porter
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1966 - Robert S. Mulliken
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1965 - Robert B. Woodward
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1964 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1963 - Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1962 - Max F. Perutz, John C. Kendrew
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1961 - Melvin Calvin
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1960 - Willard F. Libby
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1959 - Jaroslav Heyrovsky
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1958 - Frederick Sanger
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1957 - Lord Todd
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1956 - Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1955 - Vincent du Vigneaud
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1954 - Linus Pauling
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1953 - Hermann Staudinger
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1952 - Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synge
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1951 - Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1950 - Otto Diels, Kurt Alder
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1949 - William F. Giauque
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1948 - Arne Tiselius
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1947 - Sir Robert Robinson
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1946 - James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1945 - Artturi Virtanen
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1944 - Otto Hahn
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1943 - George de Hevesy
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1939 - Adolf Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1938 - Richard Kuhn
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1937 - Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1936 - Peter Debye
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1935 - Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1934 - Harold C. Urey
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1933 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1932 - Irving Langmuir
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1931 - Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1930 - Hans Fischer
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1929 - Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1928 - Adolf Windaus
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1927 - Heinrich Wieland
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1926 - The Svedberg
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1925 - Richard Zsigmondy
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1924 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1923 - Fritz Pregl
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1922 - Francis W. Aston
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1921 - Frederick Soddy
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1920 - Walther Nernst
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1919 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1918 - Fritz Haber
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1917 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1915 - Richard Willstätter
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1914 - Theodore W. Richards
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1913 - Alfred Werner
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1912 - Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1911 - Marie Curie
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1910 - Otto Wallach
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1909 - Wilhelm Ostwald
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1908 - Ernest Rutherford
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1907 - Eduard Buchner
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1906 - Henri Moissan
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1905 - Adolf von Baeyer
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1904 - Sir William Ramsay
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1903 - Svante Arrhenius
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1902 - Emil Fischer
Nobel prize for Chemistry 1901 - Jacobus H. van 't Hoff


Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine, All Nobel Prize Laureates in Medicine

Nobel Prize Winners in Medicine
Nobel price for Medicine 2008 - Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barre-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier
Nobel price for Medicine 2007 - Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies
Nobel price for Medicine 2006 - Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello
Nobel price for Medicine 2005 - Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren
Nobel price for Medicine 2004 - Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck
Nobel price for Medicine 2003 - Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield
Nobel price for Medicine 2002 - Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston
Nobel price for Medicine 2001 - Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse
Nobel price for Medicine 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel
Nobel price for Medicine 1999 - Günter Blobel
Nobel price for Medicine 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
Nobel price for Medicine 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner
Nobel price for Medicine 1996 - Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Nobel price for Medicine 1995 - Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus
Nobel price for Medicine 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
Nobel price for Medicine 1993 - Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp
Nobel price for Medicine 1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs
Nobel price for Medicine 1991 - Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
Nobel price for Medicine 1990 - Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
Nobel price for Medicine 1989 - J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
Nobel price for Medicine 1988 - Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
Nobel price for Medicine 1987 - Susumu Tonegawa
Nobel price for Medicine 1986 - Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
Nobel price for Medicine 1985 - Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein
Nobel price for Medicine 1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
Nobel price for Medicine 1983 - Barbara McClintock
Nobel price for Medicine 1982 - Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane
Nobel price for Medicine 1981 - Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
Nobel price for Medicine 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
Nobel price for Medicine 1979 - Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Nobel price for Medicine 1978 - Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith
Nobel price for Medicine 1977 - Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
Nobel price for Medicine 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek
Nobel price for Medicine 1975 - David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin
Nobel price for Medicine 1974 - Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade
Nobel price for Medicine 1973 - Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
Nobel price for Medicine 1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter
Nobel price for Medicine 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
Nobel price for Medicine 1970 - Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
Nobel price for Medicine 1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria
Nobel price for Medicine 1968 - Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
Nobel price for Medicine 1967 - Ragnar Granit, Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald
Nobel price for Medicine 1966 - Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins
Nobel price for Medicine 1965 - François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
Nobel price for Medicine 1964 - Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen
Nobel price for Medicine 1963 - Sir John Eccles, Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley
Nobel price for Medicine 1962 - Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins
Nobel price for Medicine 1961 - Georg von Békésy
Nobel price for Medicine 1960 - Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Medawar
Nobel price for Medicine 1959 - Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
Nobel price for Medicine 1958 - George Beadle, Edward Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
Nobel price for Medicine 1957 - Daniel Bovet
Nobel price for Medicine 1956 - André F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
Nobel price for Medicine 1955 - Hugo Theorell
Nobel price for Medicine 1954 - John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. Robbins
Nobel price for Medicine 1953 - Hans Krebs, Fritz Lipmann
Nobel price for Medicine 1952 - Selman A. Waksman
Nobel price for Medicine 1951 - Max Theiler
Nobel price for Medicine 1950 - Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip S. Hench
Nobel price for Medicine 1949 - Walter Hess, Egas Moniz
Nobel price for Medicine 1948 - Paul Müller
Nobel price for Medicine 1947 - Carl Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay
Nobel price for Medicine 1946 - Hermann J. Muller
Nobel price for Medicine 1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey
Nobel price for Medicine 1944 - Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S. Gasser
Nobel price for Medicine 1943 - Henrik Dam, Edward A. Doisy
Nobel price for Medicine 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1939 - Gerhard Domagk
Nobel price for Medicine 1938 - Corneille Heymans
Nobel price for Medicine 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi
Nobel price for Medicine 1936 - Sir Henry Dale, Otto Loewi
Nobel price for Medicine 1935 - Hans Spemann
Nobel price for Medicine 1934 - George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, William P. Murphy
Nobel price for Medicine 1933 - Thomas H. Morgan
Nobel price for Medicine 1932 - Sir Charles Sherrington, Edgar Adrian
Nobel price for Medicine 1931 - Otto Warburg
Nobel price for Medicine 1930 - Karl Landsteiner
Nobel price for Medicine 1929 - Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Hopkins
Nobel price for Medicine 1928 - Charles Nicolle
Nobel price for Medicine 1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Nobel price for Medicine 1926 - Johannes Fibiger
Nobel price for Medicine 1925 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1924 - Willem Einthoven
Nobel price for Medicine 1923 - Frederick G. Banting, John Macleod
Nobel price for Medicine 1922 - Archibald V. Hill, Otto Meyerhof
Nobel price for Medicine 1921 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1920 - August Krogh
Nobel price for Medicine 1919 - Jules Bordet
Nobel price for Medicine 1918 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1917 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1915 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Medicine 1914 - Robert Bárány
Nobel price for Medicine 1913 - Charles Richet
Nobel price for Medicine 1912 - Alexis Carrel
Nobel price for Medicine 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand
Nobel price for Medicine 1910 - Albrecht Kossel
Nobel price for Medicine 1909 - Theodor Kocher
Nobel price for Medicine 1908 - Ilya Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
Nobel price for Medicine 1907 - Alphonse Laveran
Nobel price for Medicine 1906 - Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Nobel price for Medicine 1905 - Robert Koch
Nobel price for Medicine 1904 - Ivan Pavlov
Nobel price for Medicine 1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen
Nobel price for Medicine 1902 - Ronald Ross
Nobel price for Medicine 1901 - Emil von Behring


Nobel Prize Winners in Literature, All Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature

Nobel Prize Winners in Literature
Nobel price for Literature 2008 - Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
Nobel price for Literature 2007 - Doris Lessing
Nobel price for Literature 2006 - Orhan Pamuk
Nobel price for Literature 2005 - Harold Pinter
Nobel price for Literature 2004 - Elfriede Jelinek
Nobel price for Literature 2003 - J. M. Coetzee
Nobel price for Literature 2002 - Imre Kertész
Nobel price for Literature 2001 - V. S. Naipaul
Nobel price for Literature 2000 - Gao Xingjian
Nobel price for Literature 1999 - Günter Grass
Nobel price for Literature 1998 - José Saramago
Nobel price for Literature 1997 - Dario Fo
Nobel price for Literature 1996 - Wislawa Szymborska
Nobel price for Literature 1995 - Seamus Heaney
Nobel price for Literature 1994 - Kenzaburo Oe
Nobel price for Literature 1993 - Toni Morrison
Nobel price for Literature 1992 - Derek Walcott
Nobel price for Literature 1991 - Nadine Gordimer
Nobel price for Literature 1990 - Octavio Paz
Nobel price for Literature 1989 - Camilo José Cela
Nobel price for Literature 1988 - Naguib Mahfouz
Nobel price for Literature 1987 - Joseph Brodsky
Nobel price for Literature 1986 - Wole Soyinka
Nobel price for Literature 1985 - Claude Simon
Nobel price for Literature 1984 - Jaroslav Seifert
Nobel price for Literature 1983 - William Golding
Nobel price for Literature 1982 - Gabriel García Márquez
Nobel price for Literature 1981 - Elias Canetti
Nobel price for Literature 1980 - Czeslaw Milosz
Nobel price for Literature 1979 - Odysseus Elytis
Nobel price for Literature 1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer
Nobel price for Literature 1977 - Vicente Aleixandre
Nobel price for Literature 1976 - Saul Bellow
Nobel price for Literature 1975 - Eugenio Montale
Nobel price for Literature 1974 - Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson
Nobel price for Literature 1973 - Patrick White
Nobel price for Literature 1972 - Heinrich Böll
Nobel price for Literature 1971 - Pablo Neruda
Nobel price for Literature 1970 - Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
Nobel price for Literature 1969 - Samuel Beckett
Nobel price for Literature 1968 - Yasunari Kawabata
Nobel price for Literature 1967 - Miguel Angel Asturias
Nobel price for Literature 1966 - Shmuel Agnon, Nelly Sachs
Nobel price for Literature 1965 - Mikhail Sholokhov
Nobel price for Literature 1964 - Jean-Paul Sartre
Nobel price for Literature 1963 - Giorgos Seferis
Nobel price for Literature 1962 - John Steinbeck
Nobel price for Literature 1961 - Ivo Andric
Nobel price for Literature 1960 - Saint-John Perse
Nobel price for Literature 1959 - Salvatore Quasimodo
Nobel price for Literature 1958 - Boris Pasternak
Nobel price for Literature 1957 - Albert Camus
Nobel price for Literature 1956 - Juan Ramón Jiménez
Nobel price for Literature 1955 - Halldór Laxness
Nobel price for Literature 1954 - Ernest Hemingway
Nobel price for Literature 1953 - Winston Churchill
Nobel price for Literature 1952 - François Mauriac
Nobel price for Literature 1951 - Pär Lagerkvist
Nobel price for Literature 1950 - Bertrand Russell
Nobel price for Literature 1949 - William Faulkner
Nobel price for Literature 1948 - T.S. Eliot
Nobel price for Literature 1947 - André Gide
Nobel price for Literature 1946 - Hermann Hesse
Nobel price for Literature 1945 - Gabriela Mistral
Nobel price for Literature 1944 - Johannes V. Jensen
Nobel price for Literature 1943 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Literature 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Literature 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Literature 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Literature 1939 - Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Nobel price for Literature 1938 - Pearl Buck
Nobel price for Literature 1937 - Roger Martin du Gard
Nobel price for Literature 1936 - Eugene O'Neill
Nobel price for Literature 1935 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Literature 1934 - Luigi Pirandello
Nobel price for Literature 1933 - Ivan Bunin
Nobel price for Literature 1932 - John Galsworthy
Nobel price for Literature 1931 - Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Nobel price for Literature 1930 - Sinclair Lewis
Nobel price for Literature 1929 - Thomas Mann
Nobel price for Literature 1928 - Sigrid Undset
Nobel price for Literature 1927 - Henri Bergson
Nobel price for Literature 1926 - Grazia Deledda
Nobel price for Literature 1925 - George Bernard Shaw
Nobel price for Literature 1924 - Wladyslaw Reymont
Nobel price for Literature 1923 - William Butler Yeats
Nobel price for Literature 1922 - Jacinto Benavente
Nobel price for Literature 1921 - Anatole France
Nobel price for Literature 1920 - Knut Hamsun
Nobel price for Literature 1919 - Carl Spitteler
Nobel price for Literature 1918 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Literature 1917 - Karl Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
Nobel price for Literature 1916 - Verner von Heidenstam
Nobel price for Literature 1915 - Romain Rolland
Nobel price for Literature 1914 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
Nobel price for Literature 1913 - Rabindranath TagoreNobel price for Literature 1912 - Gerhart Hauptmann
Nobel price for Literature 1911 - Maurice Maeterlinck
Nobel price for Literature 1910 - Paul Heyse
Nobel price for Literature 1909 - Selma Lagerlöf
Nobel price for Literature 1908 - Rudolf Eucken
Nobel price for Literature 1907 - Rudyard Kipling
Nobel price for Literature 1906 - Giosuè Carducci
Nobel price for Literature 1905 - Henryk Sienkiewicz
Nobel price for Literature 1904 - Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray
Nobel price for Literature 1903 - Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Nobel price for Literature 1902 - Theodor Mommsen
Nobel price for Literature 1901 - Sully Prudhomme


Nobel Peace Prize Winners, All Nobel Prize Winners for Peace

Nobel Peace Prize Winners
2008 - Martti Ahtisaari
2007 - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Al Gore
2006 - Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank
2005 - International Atomic Energy Agency, Mohamed ElBaradei
2004 - Wangari Maathai
2003 - Shirin Ebadi
2002 - Jimmy Carter
2001 - United Nations, Kofi Annan
2000 - Kim Dae-jung
1999 - Medecins Sans Frontières
1998 - John Hume, David Trimble
1997 - International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams
1996 - Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Jose Ramos-Horta
1995 - Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
1994 - Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
1993 - Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk
1992 - Rigoberta Menchú Tum
1991 - Aung San Suu Kyi
1990 - Mikhail Gorbachev
1989 - The 14th Dalai Lama
1988 - United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1987 - Oscar Arias Sánchez
1986 - Elie Wiesel
1985 - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1984 - Desmond Tutu
1983 - Lech Walesa
1982 - Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles
1981 - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1980 - Adolfo Perez Esquivel
1979 - Mother Teresa
1978 - Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin
1977 - Amnesty International
1976 - Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan
1975 - Andrei Sakharov
1974 - Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato
1973 - Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho
1972 - The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund
1971 - Willy Brandt
1970 - Norman Borlaug
1969 - International Labour Organization
1968 - Rene Cassin
1967 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1966 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1965 - United Nations Children's Fund
1964 - Martin Luther King Jr.
1963 - International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies
1962 - Linus Pauling
1961 - Dag Hammarskjöld
1960 - Albert Lutuli
1959 - Philip Noel-Baker
1958 - Georges Pire
1957 - Lester Bowles Pearson
1956 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1955 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1954 - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1953 - George C. Marshall
1952 - Albert Schweitzer
1951 - Leon Jouhaux
1950 - Ralph Bunche
1949 - Lord Boyd Orr
1948 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1947 - Friends Service Council, American Friends Service Committee
1946 - Emily Greene Balch, John R. Mott
1945 - Cordell Hull
1944 - International Committee of the Red Cross
1943 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1939 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1938 - Nansen International Office for Refugees
1937 - Robert Cecil
1936 - Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1935 - Carl von Ossietzky
1934 - Arthur Henderson
1933 - Sir Norman Angell
1932 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1931 - Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler
1930 - Nathan Söderblom
1929 - Frank B. Kellogg
1928 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1927 - Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde
1926 - Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann
1925 - Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes
1924 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1923 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1922 - Fridtjof Nansen
1921 - Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lange
1920 - Leon Bourgeois
1919 - Woodrow Wilson
1918 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1917 - International Committee of the Red Cross
1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1915 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1914 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1913 - Henri La Fontaine
1912 - Elihu Root
1911 - Tobias Asser, Alfred Fried
1910 - Permanent International Peace Bureau
1909 - Auguste Beernaert, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
1908 - Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer
1907 - Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault
1906 - Theodore Roosevelt
1905 - Bertha von Suttner
1904 - Institute of International Law
1903 - Randal Cremer
1902 - Elie Ducommun, Albert Gobat
1901 - Henry Dunant, Frederic Passy


Nobel Prize Winners in Economics, All Nobel Prize Laureates in Economics

Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry
Nobel Prize for Economics 2008 - Paul Krugman
Nobel Prize for Economics 2007 - Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson
Nobel Prize for Economics 2006 - Edmund S. Phelps
Nobel Prize for Economics 2005 - Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling
Nobel Prize for Economics 2004 - Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott
Nobel Prize for Economics 2003 - Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger
Nobel Prize for Economics 2002 - Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith
Nobel Prize for Economics 2001 - George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz
Nobel Prize for Economics 2000 - James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden
Nobel Prize for Economics 1999 - Robert A. Mundell
Nobel Prize for Economics 1998 - Amartya Sen
Nobel Prize for Economics 1997 - Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes
Nobel Prize for Economics 1996 - James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey
Nobel Prize for Economics 1995 - Robert E. Lucas Jr.
Nobel Prize for Economics 1994 - John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten
Nobel Prize for Economics 1993 - Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North
Nobel Prize for Economics 1992 - Gary S. Becker
Nobel Prize for Economics 1991 - Ronald H. Coase
Nobel Prize for Economics 1990 - Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe
Nobel Prize for Economics 1989 - Trygve Haavelmo
Nobel Prize for Economics 1988 - Maurice Allais
Nobel Prize for Economics 1987 - Robert M. Solow
Nobel Prize for Economics 1986 - James M. Buchanan Jr.
Nobel Prize for Economics 1985 - Franco Modigliani
Nobel Prize for Economics 1984 - Richard Stone
Nobel Prize for Economics 1983 - Gerard Debreu
Nobel Prize for Economics 1982 - George J. Stigler
Nobel Prize for Economics 1981 - James Tobin
Nobel Prize for Economics 1980 - Lawrence R. Klein
Nobel Prize for Economics 1979 - Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis
Nobel Prize for Economics 1978 - Herbert A. Simon
Nobel Prize for Economics 1977 - Bertil Ohlin, James E. Meade
Nobel Prize for Economics 1976 - Milton Friedman
Nobel Prize for Economics 1975 - Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans
Nobel Prize for Economics 1974 - Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek
Nobel Prize for Economics 1973 - Wassily Leontief
Nobel Prize for Economics 1972 - John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow
Nobel Prize for Economics 1971 - Simon Kuznets
Nobel Prize for Economics 1970 - Paul A. Samuelson
Nobel Prize for Economics 1969 - Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen


Female Nobel Prize Laureates
Year Image Laureate Country Category Rationale 1903
Curie, Marie Marie Curie(shared with Pierre Curie)
France
Physics
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
1905
von Suttner, BerthaBertha von Suttner
Austria–Hungary
Peace
Honorary President of Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne, Switzerland; Author of Lay Down Your Arms.
1909
Lagerlöf, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf
Sweden
Literature
"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"
1911
Curie, MarieMarie Curie
France
Chemistry
"for her discovery of radium and polonium"
1926
Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda
Italy
Literature
"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"
1928
Undset, SigridSigrid Undset
Norway
Literature
"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"
1931
Addams, JaneJane Addams(shared with Nicholas Murray Butler)
United States
Peace
Sociologist; International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
1935

Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène Joliot-Curie(shared with Frédéric Joliot-Curie)
France
Chemistry
"for their synthesis of new radioactive elements".
1938
Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck
United States
Literature
"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
1945
Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral
Chile
Literature
"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"
1946

Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch(shared with John Raleigh Mott)
United States
Peace
Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
1947
Cori, Gerty TheresaGerty Theresa Cori(shared with Carl Ferdinand Cori)
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"]
1963

Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer(shared with J. Hans D. Jensen)
United States
Physics
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
1964

Hodgkin, Dorothy CrowfootDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
United Kingdom
Chemistry
"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
1966

Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs
Sweden
Literature
"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
1976

Williams, BettyBetty Williams
United Kingdom
Peace
Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)
1976

Corrigan, MaireadMairead Corrigan
United Kingdom
Peace
Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)
1977

Yalow, RosalynRosalyn Yalow
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
1979
Teresa, MotherMother Teresa
India
Peace
Leader of Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta.
1982

Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal(shared with Alfonso García Robles)
Sweden
Peace
Former Cabinet Minister; Diplomat; Writer
1983

McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
1986
Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini(shared with Stanley Cohen)
Italy,United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries of growth factors"
1988

Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion(shared with James W. Black and George H. Hitchings)
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1991

Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer
South Africa
Literature
"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"
1991
Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi
Burma
Peace
"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"
1992
Menchú, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú
Guatemala
Peace
"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"
1993

Morrison, ToniToni Morrison
United States
Literature
"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"
1995
Nüsslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard(shared with Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus)
Germany
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
1996
Szymborska, WisławaWisława Szymborska
Poland
Literature
"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"
1997
Williams, JodyJody Williams(shared with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines)
United States
Peace
"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"
2003
Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi
Iran
Peace
"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children"
2004
Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek
Austria
Literature
"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
2004

Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai
Kenya
Peace
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"
2004

Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck(shared with Richard Axel)
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2007
Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing
United Kingdom
Literature
"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"
2008

Barré-Sinoussi, FrançoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi(shared with Harald zur Hausen and Luc Montagnier)
France
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"

Nobel Prize Winners for India in PhysicsYear
Name
1930 Nobel Prize Winner
C. V. Raman
1983 Nobel Prize Winner
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Nobel Prize Winners for India in ChemistryYear
Name
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA



Nobel Prize Winners for India in Economics

Year
Name
1998 Nobel Prize Winner
Amartya Kumar SenNA
NA

Nobel Prize Winners for India in Literature

Year
Name
1907 Nobel Prize Winner
Rudyard Kipling
1913 Nobel Prize Winner
Rabindranath Tagore


Nobel Peace Prize Winners for India
Year
Name
1979 Nobel Prize Winner
Mother TeresaNA
NA

Nobel Prize Winners for India in Medicine
Year
Name
1902 Nobel Prize Winner
Ronald Ross
1968 Nobel Prize Winner
Har Gobind Khorana